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Q R410a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

A

R410a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure
Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa
-65	0.052	-39	0.188	-13	0.52	13	1.18	39	2.35
-64	0.054	-38	0.196	-12	0.538	14	1.22	40	2.41
-63	0.057	-37	0.206	-11	0.556	15	1.25	41	2.46
-62	0.061	-36	0.215	-10	0.579	16	1.28	42	2.51
-61	0.064	-35	0.224	-9	0.598	17	1.32	43	2.58
-60	0.068	-34	0.235	-8	0.618	18	1.35	44	2.65
-59	0.072	-33	0.243	-7	0.639	19	1.4	45	2.71
-58	0.076	-32	0.255	-6	0.66	20	1.44	46	2.77
-57	0.08	-31	0.264	-5	0.682	21	1.47	47	2.84
-56	0.084	-30	0.275	-4	0.705	22	1.52	48	2.91
-55	0.089	-29	0.286	-3	0.728	23	1.56	49	2.98
-54	0.093	-28	0.298	-2	0.752	24	1.6	50	3.05
-53	0.098	-27	0.311	-1	0.777	25	1.64	51	3.1
-52	0.103	-26	0.324	0	0.803	26	1.68	52	3.18
-51	0.108	-25	0.334	1	0.823	27	1.73	53	3.25
-50	0.113	-24	0.348	2	0.851	28	1.78	54	3.32
-49	0.119	-23	0.363	3	0.879	29	1.82	55	3.4
-48	0.125	-22	0.375	4	0.903	30	1.88	56	3.48
-47	0.131	-21	0.391	5	0.937	31	1.91	57	3.54
-46	0.138	-20	0.404	6	0.962	32	1.96	58	3.63
-45	0.144	-19	0.424	7	0.994	33	2.03	59	3.72
-44	0.151	-18	0.435	8	1.02	34	2.08	60	3.78
-43	0.157	-17	0.453	9	1.05	35	2.13	61	3.9
-42	0.165	-16	0.468	10	1.09	36	2.18	62	3.97
-41	0.172	-15	0.483	11	1.11	37	2.24
-40	0.181	-14	0.504	12	1.15	38	2.29

Temperature Unit: centigrade

Remark: 1KPa≈0.01kg/cm2=0.001MPa，1kg/cm2 ≈98.0665KPa≈0.1MPa

Q R404a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

A

R404a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure
Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa
-60	0.05	-31	0.2	-2	0.569	27	1.31	56	2.63
-59	0.053	-30	0.208	-1	0.588	28	1.36	57	2.68
-58	0.056	-29	0.217	0	0.608	29	1.39	58	2.74
-57	0.059	-28	0.226	1	0.628	30	1.43	59	2.81
-56	0.062	-27	0.235	2	0.645	31	1.46	60	2.86
-55	0.066	-26	0.243	3	0.665	32	1.5	61	2.93
-54	0.069	-25	0.253	4	0.687	33	1.53	62	2.98
-53	0.072	-24	0.264	5	0.71	34	1.57	63	3.05
-52	0.076	-23	0.275	6	0.73	35	1.61	64	3.13
-51	0.08	-22	0.284	7	0.752	36	1.66	65	3.19
-50	0.084	-21	0.296	8	0.777	37	1.69	66	3.26
-49	0.089	-20	0.306	9	0.8	38	1.73	67	3.31
-48	0.093	-19	0.318	10	0.823	39	1.78	68	3.4
-47	0.098	-18	0.33	11	0.85	40	1.82	69	3.45
-46	0.103	-17	0.343	12	0.872	41	1.87	70	3.54
-45	0.108	-16	0.354	13	0.9	42	1.91	71	3.6
-44	0.112	-15	0.368	14	0.923	43	1.96	72	3.69
-43	0.118	-14	0.381	15	0.95	44	2.03	73	3.75
-42	0.124	-13	0.394	16	0.978	45	2.06	74	3.81
-41	0.129	-12	0.407	17	1.01	46	2.09	75	3.87
-40	0.136	-11	0.424	18	1.04	47	2.15
-39	0.141	-10	0.438	19	1.06	48	2.2
-38	0.149	-9	0.453	20	1.09	49	2.25
-37	0.155	-8	0.468	21	1.12	50	2.29

Temperature Unit: centigrade

Remark: 1KPa≈0.01kg/cm2=0.001MPa，1kg/cm2 ≈98.0665KPa≈0.1MPa

Q R407c Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

A

R407c Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure
Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa
-56	0.050	-25	0.219	6	0.669	37	1.60
-55	0.053	-24	0.228	7	0.690	38	1.64
-54	0.056	-23	0.224	8	0.712	39	1.69
-53	0.059	-22	0.248	9	0.734	40	1.73
-52	0.062	-21	0.257	10	0.757	41	1.78
-51	0.066	-20	0.267	11	0.780	42	1.82
-50	0.069	-19	0.278	12	0.804	43	1.87
-49	0.073	-18	0.288	13	0.829	44	1.91
-48	0.077	-17	0.300	14	0.855	45	1.95
-47	0.081	-16	0.311	15	0.875	46	2.00
-46	0.085	-15	0.321	16	0.902	47	2.05
-45	0.089	-14	0.336	17	0.939	48	2.11
-44	0.094	-13	0.349	18	0.959	49	2.16
-43	0.098	-12	0.360	19	0.989	50	2.21
-42	0.103	-11	0.374	20	1.02	51	2.26
-41	0.108	-10	0.389	21	1.04	52	2.31
-40	0.113	-9	0.401	22	1.08	53	2.37
-39	0.119	-8	0.417	23	1.11	54	2.42
-38	0.124	-7	0.429	24	1.14	55	2.48
-37	0.130	-6	0.446	25	1.17	56	2.54
-36	0.136	-5	0.464	26	1.21	57	2.59
-35	0.142	-4	0.478	27	1.23	58	2.65
-34	0.149	-3	0.497	28	1.27	59	2.72
-33	0.155	-2	0.516	29	1.30	60	2.78
-32	0.162	-1	0.532	30	1.33
-31	0.170	0	0.549	31	1.37
-30	0.177	1	0.566	32	1.41
-29	0.185	2	0.588	33	1.45
-28	0.194	3	0.606	34	1.49
-27	0.201	4	0.625	35	1.52
-26	0.209	5	0.649	36	1.57

Temperature Unit: centigrade

Remark: 1KPa≈0.01kg/cm2=0.001MPa，1kg/cm2 ≈98.0665KPa≈0.1MPa

Q R32 Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

A

R32 Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure
Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa	Temp.	Pressure kpa
℃	kg/cm²	℃	kg/cm²	℃	kg/cm²
-51.909	1	18.138	14	43.55	27
-43.635	1.5	19.395	14.5	44.32	27.5
-37.323	2	20.619	15	45.079	28
-32.15	2.5	21.813	15.5	45.828	28.5
-27.731	3	22.978	16	46.567	29
-23.85	3.5	24.116	16.5	47.296	29.5
-20.378	4	25.229	17	48.015	30
-17.225	4.5	26.317	17.5	48.726	30.5
-14.331	5	27.382	18	49.428	31
-11.65	5.5	28.425	18.5	50.121	31.5
-9.1503	6	29.447	19	50.806	32
-6.8046	6,5	30.448	19.5	51.482	32.5
-4.6925	7	31.431	20	52.15	33
-2.4975	7.5	32.395	20.5	52.811	33.5
-0.50613	8	33.341	21	53.464	34
1.393	8.5	34.271	21.5	54.11	34.5
3.2092	9	35.184	22	54.748	35
4.9506	9.5	36.082	22.5
6.624	10	36.965	23
8.2352	10.5	37.834	23.5
9.7896	11	38.688	24
11.291	11.5	39.529	24.5
12.745	12	40.358	25
14.153	12.5	41.173	25.5
15.52	13	41.977	26
16.847	13.5	42.769	26.5

Temperature Unit: centigrade

Remark: 1KPa≈0.01kg/cm2=0.001MPa，1kg/cm2 ≈98.0665KPa≈0.1MPa

Q Why can R410A refrigerant replace R22 air-conditioning refrigerant?

A R410A refrigerant and R22 refrigerant are the two mainstream domestic air-conditioning refrigerants at this stage. Many people know that R410A is an environmentally friendly refrigerant, and R22 is a Freon that will be eliminated, but it is not clear why R410a is more environmentally friendly than R22. Following Frioflor refrigerant gas will give you an analysis.

R410A Refrigerant Gas Used in Air Conditioner

First of all, from the point of view of chemical composition, R22 contains chlorine element, chemically named difluorochloromethane, which is one of the freons and belongs to hydrochlorofluorocarbons, so R22 refrigerant has a harmful effect on the ozone layer. R410A refrigerant is a mixture of R125 (pentafluoroethane) and R32 (difluoromethane), which does not contain chlorine and will not destroy the ozone layer.

From the physical performance comparison:

1. In terms of toxicity, R410A is low toxicity, and R22 is slightly toxic, so R410a is safer than R22.

2. The heat transfer capacity of R410A refrigerant is larger than that of R22, the cooling efficiency is higher, and the heat transfer area of the heat exchanger is reduced. Therefore, R410a air conditioners are more energy-efficient than R22 air conditioners, and the system is more stable.

It can be seen that, as a new generation refrigerant, R410A has obvious advantages over the older generation R22 refrigerant. R410a is the internationally recognized best substitute for R22 at this stage and is popularized all over the world.

Q Comparisons of refrigerant R410A R32 R290

A

R32 and R410A Comparison

1. R32 charge is less, only 0.71 times that of R410A. The working pressure of R32 system is higher than R410A, but the maximum increase does not exceed 2.6%, which is equivalent to the pressure requirement of R410A system. At the same time, the exhaust temperature of R32 system is higher than that of R410A. The maximum rise is as high as 35.3°C.

2. The ODP value (ozone depleting potential value) is 0, but the GWP value (global warming potential value) of R32 refrigerant is moderate. Compared with R22, the CO2 emission reduction ratio can reach 77.6%, while R410A is only 2.5%. It is significantly better than R410A refrigerant in terms of CO2 emission reduction.

3. Both R32 and R410A refrigerants are non-toxic, while R32 is flammable, but among several alternatives to R22, R32, R290, R161, and R1234YF, R32 has the highest lower limit of combustion (LFL), which is relatively incombustible. However, it is still a flammable and explosive refrigerant, and there have been many accidents in recent years, and the performance of R410A is more stable.

4. In terms of theoretical cycle performance, the cooling capacity of the R32 system is 12.6% higher than that of the R410A, the power consumption increases by 8.1%, and the overall energy saving is 4.3%. The experimental results also show that the refrigeration system using R32 has a slightly higher energy efficiency ratio than R410A. Considering that R32 has a greater potential to replace R410A.

R32 and R290 comparison

1. R290 and R32 have a relatively small charge, the ODP value is 0, the GWP value is also much smaller than R22, the safety level of R32 is A2 and the safety level of R290 is A3.

2.R290 is more suitable for medium and high temperature air conditioning systems than R32. R32's pressure resistance design is higher than R290, and R32's flammability is much lower than R290, and the cost of safety design is low.

3.The dynamic viscosity of R290 is less than R32, and the pressure drop of the system heat exchanger is less than R32, which helps to improve the efficiency of the system.

　　
4.R32 unit volume refrigeration capacity is about 87% higher than R290, R290 system should use a larger displacement compressor under the same refrigeration capacity.

5.R32 has a higher exhaust temperature, and the pressure ratio of the R32 system is about 7% higher than that of the R290 system, and the overall energy efficiency ratio of the system is about 3.7% lower.

6. The pressure drop of the R290 system heat exchanger is less than R32, which helps to improve system performance. But its flammability is far greater than R32, and higher investment in safety design.

Q How Does The Montreal Agreement Come To Effect?

A In the early 30s of the 20th century, the use of hydrochlorofluoroalkanes (CFCs) as refrigerants marked the beginning of the application of organofluorine chemicals.
After 1945, various defense programs in the Cold War provided an enduring driving force for the continuous development of fluorine chemistry and the use of fluorinated compounds, and the refrigerant industry dominated by CFCs developed rapidly around the world.
Until 1974, when Molina and other scholars put forward the argument that chlorine fluorine would cause damage to the ozone layer, and then in 1985 The British Antarctic Survey discovered the phenomenon of the ozone layer hole over Antarctica, which has aroused widespread international attention: studies have shown that fluoroalkanes have strong chemical stability, and they are difficult to be decomposed or degraded in the lower atmosphere, and will stay in the atmosphere for more than ten years, directly causing problems such as ozone layer destruction and air pollution, and seriously affecting the ecological environment. Nearly half a century elapsed between the introduction of CFCs and the recognition of the environmental hazards of CFC releases.

In 1987, the global organofluorine industry made a major repositioning: representatives of 28 countries jointly resolved and formulated the Montreal Protocol, an international convention, which stipulates that the production and sales of all generations of fluorohydrocarbons will be gradually restricted, reduced and discontinued, and the global fluorine refrigerants will be gradually upgraded. The Montreal Protocol was signed in 1987 and entered into force in 1989.

On 15 October 2016, in Kigali, Rwanda, nearly 200 countries at the 28th Conference of the Parties to the Montreal Agreement agreed on the reduction of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, and signed the Kigali Amendment. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol requires most developed countries to reduce HFCs starting in 2019, developing countries to freeze HFCs consumption levels in 2024, and a small number of countries to freeze HFCs consumption in 2028. On 17 June 2021, the Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations deposited with the Secretary-General of the United Nations its instrument of acceptance of the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol. The amendment came into force for China on 15 September 2021 (not applicable to Hong Kong SAR of China for the time being). The Chinese Government attaches great importance to the implementation of the Ozone Layer Protection, and has carried out solid implementation and governance actions, which have achieved positive results.

Q History development of quantity regulations on refrigerant production

A

Refrigerant production constraints have been in place globally for nearly 40 years. The first policy in the world to control refrigerant production was the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer promulgated in 1985, which for the first time pointed out the depletion hazards of CFCs to the ozone layer and was an important legal basis for global action to protect the ozone layer. The real policy of quantitative restraint of refrigerants is the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987, and a series of subsequent amendments that have gradually improved the number of restricted varieties and the timing of bans.

Quantitative constraints on first-generation refrigerant production: The Montreal Protocol of 1987 called for a freeze on the production of CFCs in 1986 and a 50% reduction in manufacturing in developed countries in 1988 and a complete ban on halon extinguishing agents (containing bromine and chlorohalides) since 1994. The Copenhagen Amendment of 1992 set 1996 for CFCs, CTCs and TCAs in developed countries and 1994 for halons.

Quantitative constraints on second-generation refrigerant production: The 1990 London Amendment added 4 groups of HCFC controlled substances for a total of 34 HCFC controlled substances. The 1999 Beijing Amendment first controlled the production of HCFCs, and developed countries will stop using HCFCs in 2020 and developing countries will demand that they stop using HCFCs by 2030. The 2007 Montreal Amendment revised the ban schedule for developing countries, bringing forward the freeze year by three years and the final phase-out from 2040 to 2030.

Quantitative constraints on third-generation refrigerant production: The 2016 Kigali Amendment formally placed 18 HFCs on the controlled list and required developed countries to reduce HFCs by 85% by 2036 and developing countries by 80% by 2045.

In addition, in addition to the Montreal Protocol and a series of amendments, the EU has also promulgated a series of binding policies from the application side.
In 2006, the European Commission issued the first regulation for F-gases (2006/40/EC), stating that
1. as of January 1, 2011, all new air conditioners sold in the EU must use a refrigerant GWP value of less than 150.
2. As of January 1, 2017, all new factory vehicles must use a refrigerant with a GWP of 150 or less.

In 2014, the European Union issued a new version of the F-gas regulation (2014/517/EC), which clearly states that
1.from January 1, 2020, commercial refrigeration will prohibit the use of refrigerants with a GWP higher than 2500;
2. As of January 1, 2025, unit air conditioners will ban the use of refrigerants with a GWP higher than 750.

China joined the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1989, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1991, and announced its acceptance of the Montreal Protocol (Kigali Amendment) in 2021, gradually joining the constraints on refrigerant production. In addition to the implementation of the prescribed time course, China has added some policies, promulgating regulations in 2009 and 2021 respectively to prohibit the construction and expansion of second- and third-generation refrigerants.

Q Quota policy of 3G refrigerant production in China

A The third-generation refrigerant quota policy was officially implemented.

In accordance with the relevant provisions of the Kigali Amendment, the baseline value of HFCs production and use in China,

In tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2), they are the baseline years (2020-2022).

Average production and average use of HFCs in China, plus hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), respectively

Production and use of 65% of the baseline value. Based on this, the baseline value of HFCs production in China was determined to be 1.853

billion tCO2, HFCs consumption baseline value of 905 million tCO2 including import baseline value 5 million tCO2).

Q Key Regions Where R1234yf Is in High Demand

A

1. Europe (Strongest Demand – Regulatory Push)

Why? The EU F-Gas Regulation bans R134a in new car AC systems (since 2017).

Key Markets: Germany, France, UK, Italy, Spain (major automotive hubs).

Opportunity:

EU is also extending restrictions to stationary refrigeration, increasing demand.

Aftermarket servicing for existing R1234yf vehicles is growing.

2. United States (Growing Adoption – EPA & CARB Rules)

Why? The EPA SNAP Program and California’s CARB favor R1234yf over R134a.

Key Markets: California, Texas, Michigan (automotive OEMs & suppliers).

Opportunity:

US automakers (GM, Ford, Chrysler) use R1234yf in new models.

Demand rising in commercial refrigeration for eco-friendly solutions.

3. China (Phasing Down HFCs – Future Growth Market)

Why? China ratified the Kigali Amendment and plans HFC phase-downs.

Key Markets: Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing (strictest environmental policies).

Opportunity:

Chinese automakers (BYD, Geely) are shifting to R1234yf for exports to EU/US.

Government incentives for low-GWP refrigerants are increasing.

4. Japan & South Korea (Automotive & Electronics Demand)

Why? Japan’s Fluorocarbons Recovery & Destruction Law promotes R1234yf.

Key Markets: Tokyo, Osaka, Seoul (high-tech & auto manufacturing).

Opportunity:

Japanese brands (Toyota, Honda, Hyundai) use R1234yf in premium models.

Growing HVAC sector seeks alternatives to R410A/R32.

5. Middle East (Emerging Market – Hot Climate Needs)

Why? Gulf countries (UAE, Saudi Arabia) are adopting EU/US standards for imports.

Key Markets: Dubai, Doha (luxury car markets & high AC usage).

Opportunity:

Aftermarket demand for R1234yf in European luxury cars (Mercedes, BMW).

Potential future regulations as part of sustainability goals (e.g., Saudi Vision 2030).

6. Latin America (Gradual Shift – Following EU/US Trends)

Why? Brazil & Mexico export vehicles to the EU/US, requiring R1234yf compliance.

Key Markets: Mexico, Brazil, Argentina (auto manufacturing hubs).

Opportunity:

Local brands (VW Mexico, GM Brazil) switching to meet export demands.

Aftermarket demand lags but will grow as more R1234yf vehicles enter the region.

Best Strategy for Importers:

Priority Markets: Focus on Europe & North America first (strictest laws, highest demand).

Emerging Opportunities: Watch China & Middle East for future growth.

Automotive vs. HVAC:

Automotive AC: Strongest in EU/US/Japan.

Commercial Refrigeration: Growing in China & Southeast Asia.

An Encyclopedia on Refrigerant Gas Knowledge

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Q R410a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

Q R404a Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

Q R407c Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

Q R32 Refrigerant Temperature and Relative Pressure

Q Why can R410A refrigerant replace R22 air-conditioning refrigerant?

Q Comparisons of refrigerant R410A R32 R290

Q How Does The Montreal Agreement Come To Effect?

Q History development of quantity regulations on refrigerant production

Q Quota policy of 3G refrigerant production in China

Q Key Regions Where R1234yf Is in High Demand

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